Georgetown's "astronomic monument" deserves
preservation


by Bill Wilson


Georgetown is the site of a little-known historical monument that a government survey crew emplaced on the lower flanks of Griffith Mountain in June, 1873. The monument, labeled on the modern USGS topographic map as an "astronomic monument," marks the site of a month-long effort to determine the latitude, longitude, and altitude at Georgetown by Lt. George M. Wheeler's U.S. Army survey team. The study was part of Wheeler's ambitious scheme to map the West under a project titled "United States Geographical Surveys West of the One-Hundredth Meridian." Oddly, the stone monument in Georgetown was the subject of some debate in the press, a debate involving Wheeler himself, as to its lithology and origin: Was it granite or sandstone? Shipped from Maine or hauled from southern Colorado?

Dr. F. Kampf headed the Georgetown party. All we know about him personally is that he was an "astronomic observer and computer." He and his crew arrived in Georgetown on June 5 and set up camp near Alpine Creek on a knoll overlooking the town. The rectangular block of stone arrived two days later, and the crew set it in place at the camp site. In the following weeks, Kampf calculated the geographic coordinates of the monument site based on his astronomical measurements, which he coordinated telegraphically with similar measurements being made concurrently in Salt Lake City. The party also made detailed observations of barometric pressures and temperatures to assist in altitude determinations.

Inscriptions, Georgetown
"Astronomic Monument"

South-facing side:

U. S. MERIDIAN
AND LATITUDE MARK
71[?] LOCATIONS WEST
OF THE 100TH MERIDIAN
WAR DEPARTMENT

North-facing side:
LONG.
LAT.

U. S. ENGINEERS
1873

The Weekly Miner reported the arrival and placement of the stone monument, "a block of Maine granite... weighing several thousand pounds, and hewn into the proper shape at the quarries down East... It is intended that this rock shall be a permanent land-mark for scientific observations [and] will probably remain in its place for several years." Parenthetically, the Miner noted with a touch of sarcasm, "there is no granite out here, we believe."

The editor of The Engineering and Mining Journal picked up on the irony of importing stone from Maine for use in Colorado. "If there is anything abundant about Georgetown," he stated in an editorial note in the edition of July 22, 1873, "one would say it is stone." He further wondered how much it must have cost to blast away granite at the monument site to make room for the imported stone block. The editor correctly observed that the monument is actually made of sandstone, and that such rock is not nearly so durable as the native rock around it. He speculated whether Lt. Wheeler intended to import sandstone from Maine for all the other monuments to be erected in his survey; he offered an alternative approach: "We could point out several boulders, here and there, in Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona, which can be warranted not to budge."

This tongue-in-cheek note prompted an indignant retort from Wheeler, who found the editor's comments to be "indecorous." As reported in the October 14 edition of the journal, Wheeler emphatically denied that "the monument was... composed of sandstone from Maine." The editor was moved to make an "immediate and frank apology" for his earlier criticism, but he justified his "Maine" story by saying that it "came to us from several independent quarters, in the form of current and uncontradicted 'town-talk' in Colorado, disarming suspicion as to its authenticity." But the wording of Wheeler's denial still left unanswered questions, according to the editor: "Is there no monument? Or did it not come from Maine? Or is it not of sandstone?... Or - horrid, bitter, bitter thought!- were we outrageously sold, by a foul conspiracy of tongues?"

 

Marie Ecklund Johnson and Charles Eric Johnson of Georgetown on the monument, circa 1937.
Denver Public Library Western History Collection.
Call No. F-38166.

 

The final volley in this exchange came in the form of a strongly-worded letter from Wheeler, published in the Journal on January 10, 1874. He wrote in part, "I will say that the monument at Georgetown, Col., was fabricated at Labran, Col., and shipped by rail to Floyd Hill, 19 miles from the point at which it was set up. Four other monuments used during the season in Colorado were obtained from the same quarry" at an expense of $40 each." The letter did not mention the monument's lithology.

There the matter lay for more than three decades, until Jesse Randall, editor of the Georgetown Courier, raised the issue once again. On July 11, 1908, Randall, in a garbled mix of fact and fiction, stated that Dr. Kampf "planted the famous meridian stone on the east side of town, which is rapidly disintegrating. The monument was represented by the Wheeler expedition to be of granite, and Lieutenant Wheeler himself, in resenting a criticism in the Engineering and Mining Journal, contended that it was granite. However, it is sandstone of a very inferior quality, as anyone can see by examining it. It was cut from Maine granite, according to Dr. Kampf, and weighs several thousand pounds. The freight on the stone from the east to Georgetown amounted to more than the cost of several monuments hewn from Colorado granite. It... was intended as a permanent landmark for scientific observations. So far as known, no scientist ever saw it after it was planted, and it is quite certain it was never put to any use."

By this time, however, the principals were long gone, and no one knew or cared enough to challenge Randal's assertions.

Today the monument stands on private property, tucked away in a thicket of trees. The surface of the sandstone block is indeed weathered, and parts of the inscriptions on the north- and south-facing sides are difficult to decipher. Of the five such monuments installed in Colorado in 1873, this may be the only one remaining in place, for no "astronomic monument" label appears on the topographic maps that include the four other sites.

Georgetown has an unusual - and now perhaps unique - historic treasure in its own backyard, and this block of rock warrants preservation, just as our wooden and brick 19th-century buildings do. Thus Historic Georgetown, Inc., is exploring various options for protecting the monument from further deterioration. In the meantime, I intend to pursue the story further. Who was Dr. Kampf? Where specifically were the sandstone blocks quarried? -("Labran," mentioned by Wheeler in his letter as the source location, is near Florence, Colorado.) What happened to the other four monuments in the state? The latitudes, longitudes, and descriptions of their original sites are provided in Wheeler¹s report, and with the aid of my GPS I plan to visit each one. Stay tuned for further developments!



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